Explanation: In a star topology, all devices connect to a central hub or switch. Bus uses a single backbone cable, Ring connects in a loop, and Mesh connects devices directly.
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Explanation: In a star topology, all devices connect to a central hub or switch. Bus uses a single backbone cable, Ring connects in a loop, and Mesh connects devices directly.
Explanation: HTTPS (HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure) uses SSL/TLS for secure communication. HTTP is not secure, FTP is for file transfer, and Telnet is insecure remote login.
Explanation: DNS stands for Domain Name System, which resolves domain names into IP addresses.
Explanation: The Network Layer handles logical addressing (IP) and routing. The Data Link Layer uses MAC addresses.
Explanation: A switch works at the Data Link Layer (Layer 2) using MAC addresses. Routers operate at Layer 3, hubs at Layer 1, and gateways at multiple layers.
Explanation: Class A networks have the largest number of hosts due to their 24-bit host portion. Class B and C provide fewer hosts. Class D is for multicast.
Explanation: Class C addresses use 255.255.255.0 as the default subnet mask, allowing 254 usable hosts.
Explanation: NAT (Network Address Translation) converts private IP addresses to public ones. DNS resolves names, DHCP assigns IPs, and ICMP is for error messaging.
Explanation: The ping command checks connectivity using ICMP packets. tracert shows route, netstat shows active connections, ipconfig displays IP info.
Explanation: TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is connection-oriented, ensuring reliable data transfer. UDP is connectionless, IP is a routing protocol, and ICMP is used for error reporting.