To configure .htaccess file in your apache server in ubuntu. You need to modify <Directory> Tag in apache2.conf<Directory /var/www/html/mcqbuddy>     Options Indexes FollowSymLinks Multiviews     AllowOverride All     Require all granted</D

Create two folders with the name ‘src’ and ‘public’. ‘src’ will be responsible to keep ts files & ‘public’ will be responsible to keep js & html files.Execute the following commands:tsc --initThis command will be responsible to create a tsconfig.json file. Open the tsconfig.j

Example 1:As we can see from the output, all three sleep functions run and they print out how long they have run for. We can also see how long the main function has run, just over 3000ms. This shows that we are running these tasks in parallel, if we weren't, the main function would have run for abou

APIs are mechanisms that enable two software components to communicate with each other using a set of definitions and protocols. For example, the weather bureau's software system contains daily weather data.Example 1: Fetch Data & use JSON.stringifymain.tsimport axios from 'axios';async function

The purpose of generics in programming languages, including TypeScript, is to provide a way to write reusable code that can work with different types while maintaining type safety. Generics allow you to define types or functions that can adapt to various data types, without sacrificing compile-time 

In TypeScript, an indexable type interface allows you to define a type that can be accessed using indexing, similar to how you access elements in an array or properties in an object. This feature allows you to specify the types for indexing operations using specific key types.To define an indexable 

In TypeScript, excess property checks occur when you try to assign an object literal to a variable or parameter with a defined type or interface that doesn't include all the properties of the object literal. By default, TypeScript performs excess property checks to ensure type safety and prevent pot

In TypeScript, you can define optional properties in an interface by appending a question mark (?) to the property name. This allows you to specify that a property is not required to be present in objects that implement the interface.Example 3: Optional Propertyindex.ts:interface Person {  &nbs

Duck Typing is a way of programming in which an object passed into a function or method supports all method signatures and attributes expected of that object at run time. The object's type itself is not important. Rather, the object should support all methods/attributes called on it.It refers to the

In TypeScript, an interface is a way to define the structure of an object. It specifies the properties and methods that an object should have. Interfaces are used for type checking during development and for documentation purposes.Example 1:index.ts:interface Person {name: string;age: number;greet: 

Abstraction in TypeScript is a concept that allows you to create classes with abstract methods and properties. Abstract classes cannot be instantiated directly but serve as a blueprint for other classes to inherit from.Example 1:index.ts:abstract class Animal {name: string;constructor(name: string) 

Inheritance is a mechanism that allows a class to inherit properties and methods from another class. It enables code reuse and promotes the concept of a hierarchical relationship between classes. TypeScript supports single inheritance, meaning a class can only inherit from a single base class. To im

TypeScript supports typecasting, which allows you to explicitly change the type of a value. There are following ways to perform typecasting in TypeScript: using the as keyword and using angle bracket syntax (<>).In TypeScript, assertion and typecasting are often used interchangeably, but they 

JavaScript has three very commonly used primitives: string, number, and boolean. Each has a corresponding type in TypeScript. string represents string values like "Hello, world" number is for numbers like 42. JavaScript does not have a special runtime value for integers, so there’s 

The Singleton pattern can be useful in various scenarios where you need to ensure that there is only one instance of a class and provide global access to that instance. Some real-time use cases of the Singleton pattern include:Database Connections: When working with a database, you may want to have 

TypeScript offers full support for the class keyword introduced in ES2015.Class MembersHere’s the most basic class - an empty one:class Point {}This class isn’t very useful yet, so let’s start adding some members.FieldsA field declaration creates a public writeable property on a class:class Po

Example 1: First Program- Create a ts file with the name of index.ts and write the following lines of code:var message = 'Hello World';console.log(message);- Execute the index.ts file by writing the following command in terminal of visual studio code:tsc index.tsThis will create an index.js file aut

TypeScript is an open-source language that is developed and maintained by Microsoft under the Apache 2 license. TypeScript is a strongly typed superset of JavaScript which compiles to plain JavaScript. It needs a compiler to compile and generate in a JavaScript file. TypeScript is the ES6 

TypeScript is a programming language developed by Microsoft that extends JavaScript by adding static typing to it. It aims to enhance the development experience by providing better tooling, error checking, and code organization. Here are some key concepts in TypeScript: Static Typing: TypeScrip

To update Visual Studio Code (VSCode) on Ubuntu using the .deb package, you can follow these steps:you can manually download the latest .deb package from the VSCode website, and then install it using the following steps:Download the Latest .deb Package:Go to the VSCode website and download the lates

The organization and coordination of the activities of a business in order to achieve defined objectives.Management is often included as a factor of production along with? machines, materials, and money. According to the management guru Peter Drucker (1909-2005), the basic task of management include

basic types of functionIn C programming, there are two basic types of functions:Library functions: These are the built-in functions in C that are included in the C library. For example, printf, scanf, strcpy, etc. Library functions are used to perform specific tasks, such as reading from the standar

Here’s an example of adding two numbers in C:#include<studio.h>int main() {int a, b, sum;printf("Enter two numbers: ");scanf("%d%d", &a, &b);sum = a + b;printf("The sum of %d and %d is: %d\n", a, b, sum);return 0;This program first takes two numbers as input from the user using the s

Problem solving is a critical skill in computer science and programming. It refers to the process of finding solutions to problems or challenges by applying logic and critical thinking.Here are some key concepts in problem solving:Understanding the problem: This involves carefully reading and compre

Control structures in C programming allow you to control the flow of execution of your program based on conditions or repetition. There are three main control structures in C:Conditional (if-else) statements: These are used to execute a block of code only if a certain condition is met.Example:int x 

DESCRIPTIONOPERATORSASSOCIATIVITYFunction Expression()Left to RightArray Expression[]Left to RightStructure Operator->Left to RightStructure Operator.Left to RightUnary minus–Right to LeftIncrement/Decrement++, —Right to LeftOne’s compliment~Right to LeftNegation!Right to LeftAddress of&

1. What is C?C is a programming language developed at AT & T’s Bell Laboratories of USA in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie.Any programming Language can be divided in to two categories.Problem oriented (High level language)Machine oriented (Low level language)But C is considered as a Middle level L

Here you will find an algorithm and program in C# programming language to check whether the given character is vowel or consonant.Explanation : In English, five alphabets A, E, I, O, and U are called as Vowels. In English, all alphabets other than vowels are Consonant. Algorithm to check whethe

Here you will find an algorithm and program in C# programming language to print fibonacci series. First let us understand what fibonacci series means.Explanation : The Fibonacci sequence is a sequence consisting of a series of numbers and each number is the sum of the previous two numbers. For Examp

Here you will find an algorithm and program in C# programming language to swap 2 numbers without using any third or temporary variable.Swapping two number : Swap two numbers means exchange the values of two variables with each other. Suppose we are given 2 numbers num1 = 10 and num2 = 20 and we have

Here you will find an algorithm and program in C# programming language to find the sum of digits in number. Now let us understand this.Explanation : Suppose we are having number 12548 and we have to calculate the sum of digits in the given number, so here we have the following digits 1, 2, 5, 4, 8 a

Here you will find an algorithm and program in C# programming language to count number of digits in a number. First let us understand this.Explanation : Suppose an input number is given as 12341 then the output will be 5 as there are 5 digits in the given number and digits are 1, 2, 3, 4, 1.Algorith

Here you will find an algorithm and program in C# programming language to check whether the given year is leap year or not. First let us understand what is leap year?Explanation : A leap year is a calendar year that contains an additional day added to keep the calendar year synchronized. A leap year

Here you will find an algorithm and program in C# programming language to check whether the given number is even or odd number. First let us understand what is even number and odd number.Explanation : If the number is divisible by 2 then the number is even number and if the number is not divisible b

Here you will find an algorithm and program in C# programming language to print Hello World on screen. The "Hello World" program is the first step towards learning any programming language and also one of the simplest programs you will learn. All you have to do is display the message "Hello World" o

#include<stdio.h>#include<conio.h>int main(){int i, arr[7]={1,2,3,4,5,6,7};for(i=0; i<10; i++){ printf("\n %d", arr[i]);}} 

#include<stdio.h>#include<conio.h>#include<string.h>int main(){char name[6][10]={    "shyam",    "dheerendra",    "praveen",    "nitesh",    "gaurav",    "bajpai"};char yourname[10];int a, m=0, i;printf("Enter your name to

##define#elif#else#endif#if#ifdef#ifndef#include#pragma pack#pragma#undef BBeginPaint()BitBlt()BOOLBUTTON CCreateCompatibleDC()CreateFontIndirect()CreateHatchBrush()CreatePatternBrush()CreatePen()CreateSolidBrush()CreateWindow() DDispatchMessage()DefWindowProc()DeleteObject()DrawText(

In this post, we are going to show you arrow function. Watch the below example carefully.<!DOCTYPE html><html><body><h1>JavaScript Functions</h1><h2>The Arrow Function</h2><p>This example shows the syntax of an Arrow Function, and how to use it.&l

Here we have developed one contact list. Which is an array of objects. When any user want to get the contact no. of anybody he is just to pass the value in a function findProp(). findProp(firstValue, secondValue){} this function takes two values firstValue is the name of person of whose yo

In this post, you will see how you can iterate elements of an array in javascript.Note: here we have an array of numbers.We can find the number of elements in this array by using array.length i.e 6. Now we will run for loop six times to print all the elements.All of you know that array starts w

In this post we will see how to make an array of odd numbers using for loop and while loop. We have initialized a blank array with name arr.Code:<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><head>   <meta charset="UTF-8">   <meta name="viewport" content="width=d

In this example, we will see for loop iteration. We have taken one blank array. We will push the values in this array using for loop. Below is the complete example of this action.<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><head>   <meta charset="UTF-8">   <meta nam

In this post we will see while loop in JavaScript. While loop keep working until the condition is true. As soon as the condition is false it stops.For example we have taken one array here and we will push the values in this array with the help of while loop.<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en">

Create a function that takes length and width and finds the perimeter of a rectangle. ExamplesfindPerimeter(6, 7) ➞ 26findPerimeter(20, 10) ➞ 60findPerimeter(2, 9) ➞ 22 Note: we will make a function findPerimeter which will take two parameters i.e height and width of rectangle. To ca

There is a single operator in JavaScript, capable of providing the remainder of a division operation. Two numbers are passed as parameters. The first parameter divided by the second parameter will have a remainder, possibly zero. Return that value. Examplesremainder(1, 3) ➞ 1remainder(3, 4) �

Create a function that finds the maximum range of a triangle's third edge, where the side lengths are all integers. Examples:nextEdge(8, 10) ➞ 17nextEdge(5, 7) ➞ 11nextEdge(9, 2) ➞ 10 Notes:We will use this algorithm to find the maximum range of a triangle's third edge(side1 + side2)

Write a function that converts hours into seconds. Examples:howManySeconds(2) ➞ 7200howManySeconds(10) ➞ 36000howManySeconds(24) ➞ 86400Notes:   60 seconds in a minute, 60 minutes in an hour <script>function howManySeconds(hour){var seconds = hour * 60 * 60 *;} v

Create a function that takes voltage and current and returns the calculated power.Examples:circuitPower(230, 10) ➞ 2300circuitPower(110, 3) ➞ 330circuitPower(480, 20) ➞ 9600Notes:Requires basic calculation of electrical circuits. Power = voltage * current; We will use this calculation in 

Create a function that takes an array containing only numbers and return the first element.Examples:getFirstValue([1, 2, 3]) ➞ 1

getFirstValue([80, 5, 100]) ➞ 80getFirstValue([-500, 0, 50]) ➞ -500Notes:The first element in an array always has an index of 0.Code: <script>function 

In this program, we will make a function cubes(number) which will take number as parameter and will return cube of that number.cubes(3) ➞ 27
cubes(5) ➞ 125
cubes(10) ➞ 1000<script>function cubes(number){return number ** 3; //** means power }</script>

Create a function that takes the age in years and returns the age in days.Examples:calcAge(65) ➞ 23725

calcAge(0) ➞ 0

calcAge(20) ➞ 7300 Notes:Use 365 days as the length of a year for this challenge.Ignore leap years and days between last birthday and now.Expect only positive intege

Write a function that takes the base and height of a triangle and return its area.Examples:triArea(3, 2) ➞ 3

triArea(7, 4) ➞ 14

triArea(10, 10) ➞ 50 We will make a function triArea(base, height) which will take two values as parametersNotes:The area of a triangle is: (base * height)

Create a function that takes a number as an argument, increments the number by +1 and returns the result.Examples:addition(0) ➞ 1

addition(9) ➞ 10

addition(-3) ➞ -2 code: <script>function addition(num){return num+1;} addition(0) // output 1addition(9) // output 10add

Write a function that takes an integer minutes and converts it to seconds.Examples:convert(5) ➞ 300

convert(3) ➞ 180

convert(2) ➞ 120 Code<script>function convert(minutes){return minutes * 60;  //1 minutes equals to 60 seconds.}convert(5) // output 300convert(3) // output

Create a function that takes two numbers as arguments and returns their sum.Examplesaddition(3, 2) ➞ 5

addition(-3, -6) ➞ -9

addition(7, 3) ➞ 10 Code: <script>function addition(a, b){return a+b;} addition(3, 2); //output 5addition(-3, -6); //output -9addition(7, 3); 

We can use below C++ program to find out the largest number among three numbers.#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
    float First_Number, Second_Number, Third_Number;

    cout << "Enter three numbers: ";
    cin >>

Following are the quantities and units in physics.QuantityUnitLengthMeterForceNewton EnergyJouleResistanceOhmVolumeLitreAngleRadiansPowerWattPotentialVoltTimeSecondCurrentAmpereLuminosity CandelaWorkJoulePressurePascalAreaHectareTemperature DegreesConductivity MhoMagnetic fieldOr

Following are the instruments and measurements.InstrumentsMeasurementsBarometerPressureThermometerTemperatureAnemometer Wind vane OdometerSpeedScaleLengthBalanceMassRain GaugeRainHygrometerHumidityAmmeterCurrentScrew gauge thicknessSeismograph Earthquake Sphygmomano meter&nb

It is case sensitive, means it differentiates between uppercase letters and lowercase letters.Program must be written in small letters only, so keep your caps lock always off.All entered data is stored in variables. Variables are named memory locations. There are different types of variables, to be 

int - to store integer data. short, long and unsigned (int, long, short) are two variety of integers which can store integer data in diferent rangesfloat - to store real numbersdouble - to store real number with more precision than floatchar - to store a single letter or symbols.To store a word or s

Actually the C++ commands are defined in different file which are called header files. When we use a command we must include the header file where it is defined. We include it as #include<iostream.h> where "iostream.h" is a header file. This way we can include as many header files as we need. 

TCP can not keep segment data secure against the message eavesdropping attacks. TCP transports stream data used in the application layer. Since TCP does not provide any data encryption functions, anyone can gain any valuable information. TCP can not protect connections against the unauthorized acces

TCP is a reliable protocol that guarantees delivery of individual packets from the source to the destination. This is accomplished through the use of an acknowledgement system where the receiving system informs the sender that it has received the packet successfully.

For information on installing and the initial configuration of TCP/IP, refer to the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol section in Networks and communication management. For any number of reasons, the person who administers your system might have to meet a certain level of security.

The Panchayati Raj Institution was formalized by a constitutional amendment in 1992. Prior to this, the institution existed in a few states in India. Panchayati Raj is a system of local self-government in India. It has three tiers,—Gram Panchayat (village level), Panchayat Samiti (block level), an

Panchayati Raj System is a three-tier system of decentralized governance in India. It was introduced in 1992 by the then Prime Minister, P. V. Narasimha Rao. The system consists of Village Panchayats at the base, Intermediate Panchayats at the block level, and District Panchayats at the district lev

Panchayati Raj is a system of local government in India that was originally instituted by the Constitution (73rd Amendment) Act, 1992. The Panchayati Raj system has three tiers of government: the Gram Panchayat (village level), the Mandal or Block Panchayat (intermediate level), and the Zila Parisha

Panchayati Raj is a system of local self-government in India. It has three tiers at the village, taluk/Mandal, and district levels. The panchayat is the village-level institution while the taluka/Mandal and district are intermediate and upper-tier respectively.The main objectives of Panchayati Raj a

Panchayati Raj, or the village council, is a form of local self-government in India. It is a three-tier system, with the village panchayat at the bottom, the taluka panchayat at the intermediate level, and the Zila Parishad at the top.The village panchayat is the primary unit of Panchayati raj and i

The Panchayati Raj system is a three-tier system of local government in India. The first tier is the Gram Panchayat, which is the local village council. The second tier is the intermediate Panchayat Samiti, which is a regional body. The third and final tier is the Zila Parishad, which is the distric

Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) are village, district, and block level self-government bodies in India. They were first established in 1992 by the 73rd Amendment to the Indian Constitution.Panchayati Raj Institutions are responsible for various tasks including water and sanitation, health, educat

The Panchayati Raj system is a three-tier system of governance in India. The system was first introduced by the Constitution (73rd Amendment) Act, 1992. The Panchayati Raj system is composed of the Gram Panchayat (village level), the Mandal Parishad (block level), and the Zila Parishad (district lev

The Panchayati Raj system is a key part of India’s democratic setup. It ensures that decisions are taken at the grassroots level and that everyone has a say in how their village or town is run. This system of local self-government is important for several reasons.Firstly, it ensures that people ha

There are two types of errors in javascript.Syntax error: Syntax errors are mistakes or spelling problems in the code that cause the program to not execute at all or to stop running halfway through. Error messages are usually supplied as well.Logical error: Reasoning mistakes occur when the syntax i

DOM stands for Document Object Model.  DOM is a programming interface for HTML and XML documents.When the browser tries to render an HTML document, it creates an object based on the HTML document called DOM. Using this DOM, we can manipulate or change various elements inside the HTML document.

The charAt() function of the JavaScript string finds a char element at the supplied index. The index number begins at 0 and continues up to n-1, Here n is the string length. The index value must be positive, higher than, or the same as the string length.

Browser Object Model is known as BOM. It allows users to interact with the browser. A browser's initial object is a window. As a result, you may call all of the window's functions directly or by referencing the window. The document, history, screen, navigator, location, and other attributes are avai

The Prototype Pattern produces different objects, but instead of returning uninitialized objects, it produces objects that have values replicated from a template – or sample – object. Also known as the Properties pattern, the Prototype pattern is used to create prototypes.The introduction of bus

In JavaScript, there are several ways to declare or construct an object.Object.using Class.create Method.Object Literals.using Function.Object Constructor.

In javascript, a Set is a collection of unique and ordered elements. Just like Set, WeakSet is also a collection of unique and ordered elements with some key differences:Weakset contains only objects and no other type.An object inside the weakset is referenced weakly. This means, that if the object 

A callback function is a method that is sent as an input to another function (now let us name this other function "thisFunction"), and it is performed inside the thisFunction after the function has completed execution.JavaScript is a scripting language that is based on events. Instead of waiting for

Programers build objects, which are representations of real-time entities, in traditional OO programming. Classes and objects are the two sorts of abstractions. A class is a generalization of an object, whereas an object is an abstraction of an actual thing. A Vehicle, for example, is a specializati

A primitive is a data type that isn't composed of other data types. It's only capable of displaying one value at a time. By definition, every primitive is a built-in data type (the compiler must be knowledgeable of them) nevertheless, not all built-in datasets are primitives. In JavaScript, there ar

The variable's data is always a reference for objects, hence it's always pass by value. As a result, if you supply an object and alter its members inside the method, the changes continue outside of it. It appears to be pass by reference in this case. However, if you modify the values of the object v

Javascript can be added to our HTML code in mostly 2 ways:Internal Javascript: Javascript in this case is directly added to the HTML code by adding the JS code inside the <script> tag, which can be placed either inside the <head> or the <body> tags based on the requirement of the u

Following are the features of javascript:It was developed with the main intention of DOM manipulation, bringing forth the era of dynamic websites.Javascript functions are objects and can be passed in other functions as parameters.Can handle date and time manipulation.Can perform Form Validation.A co

The keyword “void” is a data type that literally represents no data at all. The most obvious use of this is a function that returns nothing:
void PrintHello() 
{ 
	printf("Hello"); 
	return;		// the function does "return", but no value is returned 
} 
Here a function is declared, and all 

The differences between macros and functions can be explained as follows:MacrosFunctionsIt is preprocessed rather than compiled.It is compiled not preprocessed.It is preprocessed rather than compiled.Function checks for compilation errors.Code length is increased.Code length remains the same.Macros 

To call a function before the main(), pragma startup directive should be used. E.g.-#pragma startup fun
void fun()
{
printf("In fun\n");
}
main()
{
printf("In main\n");
}The output of the above program will beIn funIn mainThis pragma directive, on the other hand, is compiler-dependent. This 

The individual elements of a program are called Tokens. There are following 6 types of tokens are available in C:IdentifiersKeywordsConstantsOperatorsSpecial CharactersStrings

Some features of the C language are- It is Simple And Efficient. C language is portable or Machine Independent.C is a mid-level Programming Language. It is a structured Programming Language.It has a function-rich library. Dynamic Memory Management.C is super fast.We can use point

» This was the last of the Charter Acts and it made important changes in the system of Indian legislation.» This Act followed a report of the then Governor General Dalhousie for improving the administration of the company.» A separate Governor for Bengal was to be appointed.» Legislative and adm

» The Governor General and his Council were given vast powers. This Council could legislate for the whole of India subject to the approval of the Board of Controllers.» The Council got full powers regarding revenue, and a single budget for the country was prepared by the Governor General.» The Ea

» Trade monopoly of the East India Company came to an end.» Powers of the three Councils of Madras, Bombay and Calcutta were enlarged, they were also subjected to greater control of the British Parliament.» The Christian Missionaries were allowed to spread their religion in India.» Local autonom

» Main provisions of the previous Acts were consolidated in this Act.» Provided for the payment of salaries of the members of the Board of Controllers from Indian revenue.» Courts were given the power to interpret rules and regulations.

» It was enacted to improve upon the provisions of Regulating Act of 1773 to bring about better discipline in the Company's system of administration.» A 6-member Board of Controllers was set up which was headed by a minister of the British Government. All political responsibilities were given to t

» This Act was based on the report of a committee headed by the British Prime Minister Lord North.» Governance of the East India Company was put under British parliamentary control.» The Governor of Bengal was nominated as Governor General for all the three Presidencies of Calcutta, Bombay and Ma

Constitution is the foundational law of a country which ordains the fundamental principles on which the government (or the governance) of that country is based. It lays down the framework and principal functions of various organs of the government as well as the modalities of interaction between the

With javascript you can insert content in your html document. This is the most popular feature of javascript programming. Here is the example of how you can insert element in your html document.<html> 
<head> 
<title>inserting new components dynamically</title&g

const findVowels = str => {
  let count = 0
  const vowels = ['a', 'e', 'i', 'o', 'u']
  for(let char of str.toLowerCase()) {
    if(vowels.includes(char)) {
      count++
    }
  }
  return count
}

If we try to assign a variable with an incorrect value of datatype, then the compiler will (most probably) generate an error- the compile-time error. Or else, the compiler will convert this value automatically into the intended datatype of the available variable.Example,#includeint main() {// assign

The variable definition in C language tells the compiler about how much storage it should be creating for the given variable and where it should create the storage. Basically, the variable definition helps in specifying the data type. It contains a list of one variable or multiple ones as follows:ty

Declaring a variable provides the compiler with an assurance that there is a variable that exists with that very given name. This way, the compiler will get a signal to proceed with the further compilation without needing the complete details regarding that variable.The declaration of variables is u

The variables can be of the following basic types, based on the name and the type of the variableGlobal Variable: A variable that gets declared outside a block or a function is known as a global variable. Any function in a program is capable of changing the value of a global variable. It means that 

Here are the rules that we must follow when naming it:1. The name of the variable must not begin with a digit.2. A variable name can consist of digits, alphabets, and even special symbols such as an underscore ( _ ).3. A variable name must not have any keywords, for instance, float, int, etc.4. Ther

In ECMAScript 5, a new feature called JavaScript Strict Mode allows you to write a code or a function in a "strict" operational environment. In most cases, this language is 'not particularly severe' when it comes to throwing errors. In 'Strict mode,' however, all forms of errors, including silent er

NaN property represents the “Not-a-Number” value. It indicates a value that is not a legal number.typeof of NaN will return a Number.To check if a value is NaN, we use the isNaN() function,Note- isNaN() function converts the given value to a Number type, and then equates to NaN.isNaN("Hello") &n

JavaScript is a dynamically typed language. In a dynamically typed language, the type of a variable is checked during run-time in contrast to a statically typed language, where the type of a variable is checked during compile-time.Since javascript is a loosely(dynamically) typed language, variables 

When you are using Recursion in C programming, you have to face some issues. Following are the disadvantage of using recursion in C Programming.Any recursive program is generally much slower than any non-recursive program. It is because the recursive programs have to make the function calls. Thus, i

The recursion process in C refers to the process in which the program repeats a certain section of code in a similar way. In C Programming if a function calls itself from inside the same function is called recursion. The function which calls itself is called a recursive function and the function cal

The rules for writing an identifier is as follows:i) may contain lowercase/uppercase letters, digits or underscore(_) onlyii) should start with a non-digit characteriii) should not contain any special characters like @, $, etc.

Some differences are From the very beginning, the 'var' keyword was used in JavaScript programming whereas the keyword 'let' was just added in 2015.The keyword 'Var' has function scope. Anywhere in the function, the variable specified using var is accessible but in ‘let’ the scope of a vari

Both are comparison operators. The difference between both the operators is that “==” is used to compare values whereas, “ === “ is used to compare both values and types.var x = 2;
var y = "2";
(x == y)  // Returns true since the value of both x and y is the same
(x === y) // Returns

The debugger for the browser must be activated in order to debug the code. Built-in debuggers may be switched on and off, requiring the user to report faults. The remaining section of the code should stop execution before moving on to the next line while debugging.Learn more javascript mcqs here.&nb

Hoisting is the default behaviour of javascript where all the variable and function declarations are moved on top.This means that irrespective of where the variables and functions are declared, they are moved on top of the scope. The scope can be both local and global.Example 1:hoistedVariable = 3;

A color can be specified in two ways:A color is represented by 6 characters i.e. hexadecimal color coding. It is a combination of numbers and letters and is preceded by #. e.g.: g {color: #00cjfi}A mixture of red, green and blue represents a color. The value of a color can also be specified.e.g.: rg

CSS can be integrated in three ways:Inline: term is used when the CSS code have attribute of HTML elements<p style="colour:skyblue;"> My Sky!</p>External: separate CSS file is created in the workspace and later linking them in every web page that is created<head>

  <link

Benefits of using CSS sprites areIt is a technique where one has a large image containing a set of small images. Those images can be broken down with the help of CSS to disintegrate into multiple images.It helps large images or pages to load faster hence, saving a lot of time. It cuts back HTTP requ

The z-index helps specify the stack order of positioned elements that may overlap one another. The z-index default value is zero, and can take on either a positive or negative number.An element with a higher z-index is always stacked above than a lower index.Z-Index can take the following values:Aut

The CSS box defines the design and the layout of elements of CSS. The several elements are:Margin: transparent area outside borderBorder: the padding and content option with a border around it is shown.Padding: Space is around content. Padding is transparent.Content: box where text and images appear

There are several merits and demerits of embedded style sheets:Merits of Embedded Style Sheets:Multiple tag types can be created in a single document.Styles, in complex situations, can be applied by using Selector and Grouping methods.Extra download is unnecessary.Demerits of Embedded Style Sheets:M

The advantages of External Style sheets are:The style of several documents can be controlled from site by using them.Multiple HTML elements can have many documents, where classes can be created.To group styles in complex situations, selector and grouping methods are used.Demerits of external css are

CSS can be integrated in three ways:Inline: term is used when the CSS code have attribute of HTML elements <p style="colour:skyblue;"> hello world!</p>External: separate CSS file is created in the workspace and later linking them in every web page that is created<head>

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There are a number of advantages of CSS,It gives lots of flexibility for setting the properties of the elementEasy maintenanceIt allows separation of content of the HTML document from the style and layout of the content basicallyLoading of pages at a faster paceCompatibility with multiple deviceIncr

Cascading style sheets or CSS is a web designing language simple for HTML elements. The application is commonly known as XHTML. It is basically used to simplify the process and make the web page look presentable.

To know the type of a JavaScript variable, we can use the typeof operator.Primitive types String - It represents a series of characters and is written with quotes. A string can be represented using a single or a double quote.Example :var str = "Vivek Singh Bisht"; //using double quotes
var str

Some of the disadvantages of JavaScript are:

a)    No support for multithreading
b)    No support for multiprocessing
c)    Reading and writing of files is not allowed
d)    No support for networking applications.

Some of the advantages of JavaScript are:

a)    Server interaction is less
b)    Feedback to the visitors is immediate
c)    Interactivity is high
d)    Interfaces are richer

JavaScript was developed by Brendan Eich, who was a Netscape programmer. Brendan Eich developed this new scripting language in just ten days in the year September 1995. At the time of its launch, JavaScript was initially called Mocha. After that, it was called Live Script and later known as JavaScri

Some of the features of JavaScript are:
1.    Lightweight
2.    Interpreted programming language
3.    Good for the applications which are network-centric
4.    Complementary to Java
5.    Complementary to HTML
6.    Open source
7.    Cross-platform 

JavaScript is a scripting language. It is different from Java language. It is object-based, lightweight, cross-platform translated language. It is widely used for client-side validation. The JavaScript Translator (embedded in the browser) is responsible for translating the JavaScript code for the we

The atmospheres in Neptune, Uranus, and Saturn have such extreme pressure that they can crystallize carbon atoms and turn them into diamonds, American Scientist reports. How do we know this science fact? Researchers were able to create the correct conditions in a lab to prove this occurs on Neptune 

Your childhood dreams of floating on a weightless cloud may not withstand this science fact: The average cumulus cloud can weigh up to a million pounds, according to the USGS. That’s about as heavy as the world’s largest jet when it’s completely full of cargo and passengers.

Have you ever stopped to think where oxygen comes from? Your first thought may be a rainforest, but here’s a cool science fact for you: We can thank plant-based marine organisms for all that fresh air, according to the National Oceanic Service. Plankton, seaweed, and other photosynthesizers produc

A cool thing called “total internal reflection” happens when you point a laser beam at a jet of flowing water. To demonstrate this phenomenon, PBS Learning Media released a video in which a laser is positioned on one side of a clear tank of water. When the light travels through the water, it is 

If you ever swallow a razor blade, don’t panic. The human body is more capable than you think. Acids are ranked on a scale from 0 to 14—the lower the pH level, the stronger the acid. Human stomach acid is typically 1.0 to 2.0, meaning that it has an incredibly strong pH. In a study published in 

A Mirage is a naturally occurring optical phenomenon in which light rays bend to produce a displaced image of distant objects or the sky.

(a) It is caused due to Total internal Reflection.
(b) It is an optical illusion observed in deserts or hot summer days due to which a person sees a pond of w

1. What is nuclear fission?

The process of breaking up of the nucleus of a heavy atom into two nearly equal fragments with the release of a large amount of energy is known as nuclear fission.


2. What is nuclear fusion?

The process of combining two or more lighter nuclei to form a heavier 

There were numerous different groups in society at the Vedic Period — clergies and soldiers, agriculturalists, herders, merchants, and laborers. Some clergies and soldiers were rich, as were some peasants and merchants. Others, including many herders, crafts persons, laborers, fishing folk and hun

In Jaichand's days, a rival Rajput clan had established itself in Delhi (Pithoragarh). The ruler there was Prithviraj Chouhan. Pritiviraj was a romantic, chivalrous and an extremely fearless person. After ceaseless military campaigns, Pritiviraj extended his original kingdom of Sambhar (Shakambara) 

In 1905, Albert Einstein determined that the laws of physics are the same for all non-accelerating observers and that the speed of light in a vacuum was independent of the motion of all observers.

As a result, he found that space and time were interwoven into a single continuum known as space-tim

The arrival of the Yavanas in India marked by their invasion on the western border of India.

Indo greek
After Alexander’s death, a large part of his empire came under the rule of his Generals.

Bactria and Parthia, the adjoining areas of Iran were two main areas under the rule of Alexander�

Rashtrakutas built an empire which in the days of greatness extended from Malwa (central India) and Gujrath to Tanjore in south, effectively covering whole of south India. Rashtrakutas, who inherited Chalukyan empire, extended it further by penetrating in deep north and occupying Gangatic doab regio

Today, let’s discuss one of the basic and almost certainly asked questions in any kind of Interview which is Tell me Something about Yourself?. Additionally, this question is likely to be the first question that you will face in an interview.

An interview is a kind of short film and the audienc

The partition of Bengal in 1905 was one measure which created deep discontentment among the Indians, The province of Bengal, Bihar and Odisha was divided into two parts. The original province included western Bengal, Bihar and Odisha and the new province included Assam and eastern Bengal. Curzon ple

The Cheras were also known as ‘Keralaputras’ in the history. The Chera kingdom occupied the region of a narrow strip between the sea and the mountains of Konkan range.

Chera Kingdom
The Chera rulers also occupied high position in the history of south India. Nedunjeral Adan was a famous Chera

Weathering is the initial stage in the formation of soil.

It produces other natural resources, for instance, clay which is used for making bricks.

Another significance is weathering weakens rocks making them easier for people to exploit, for example, by mining and quarrying
This process is ac

Audiophone	It is used for improving imperfect sense of hearing.

Audiometer	It measures intensity of sound.

Anemometer	It measures force and velocity of wind.

Ammeter	It measures strength of electric current (in amperes)

Altimeter	It measures altitudes and is used in aircrafts

Balomete

Abbreviation	Stands for
ASP	Active Server Pages
ADO	ActiveX Data Object
CLR	Common Language Runtime
CTS	Common Type Specifications
CLS	Common Language Specifications
CIL	Common Intermediate Language
CAS	Code Access Security
CCW	COM Callable Wrapper
COFF	Common Object File Format
COM	Compon

How many times have you gone out for a run and felt like your legs were made of concrete, or worse? Surprisingly, they might not feel so bad from something that you did as from something that you didn’t do. Treat your legs well between runs to gain more enjoyment from your workouts, increase perfo

The Pandya kingdom was the second important kingdom in south India during this period. It occupied the region of modern districts of Tirunelveli, Ramnad, and Madurai in Tamil Nadu.

The capital of Pandya kingdom was Madurai. The Pandyan kingdom was very wealthy and prosperous.

The Sangam litera

# The Cholas have occupied the region of Kaveri delta and the adjoining area. The region of Kanchi was also part of the Cholas kingdom.

# Cholas kingdom
The Kingdom was situated towards the north-east of Pandya kingdom and it was also called as Cholamandalam in early medieval times.

# In the 

Pala Dynasty was the ruling Dynasty in Bihar and Bengal India, from the 8th to the 12th century.  Called the Palas because all their names ended in Pala, "protector".  The Palas rescued Bengal from the chaos into which it had fallen after the death of Shashanka, a rival of Harsha of Kanauj.  The fou

GD or Group Discussion at SSB Interview is conducted to judge verbal communication skills, interpersonal skills, body language and much more. It is an important part of Stage 2 which cannot be neglected. GD round is conducted to check the way you speak, how you speak and what you speak in order to j

Pallavas,the pastoral tribe emerged as a powerful ruler and commanded the region ofThondaimandalam.from its capital located at Pallavapuri (Bhavatri, of Nellore in theAndhra). They were of sect "Thiraiyar" and the region they ruled was called"Thondaimandalam". With the capital washed away by the sea

Q&A 1. Energy of the Sun is generated by – Nuclear fusion 

Q&A 2. When the TV is switched on,- Visualization starts immediately, but audio is heard later, because sound travels at a lower velocity than light.

Q&A 3. Which principle is used to produce minimum temperature – superconductivity

Engineering skills were evident in this period as proved by the remains of famous dam built for the irrigation works during Chandragupta Maurya's period and repaired by Saka king Rudradaman.

Another remarkable structure is a complex of four water tanks at Shringaverapura, which reflects a very ad

The technological advancement (in terms of art & architecture as well as science & technology) of Satavahana period was pretty advanced.

Art and Architecture
Taxila, Sakala, Bhita, Kausambi, Ahichchhatra, Patliputra, Nagrujunkonda, Amaravati, Kaveripattanam were well planned and developed cities

The Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act, 2005 was enacted to remove gender discriminatory provisions in the Hindu Succession Act, 1956. Under the amendment, the daughter of a coparcener shall by birth become a coparcener in her own right in the same manner as the son. This amendment also repeats sectio

In the early 2nd century BC, a tribe on the Central Asian frontier of China called Hsiung-nu defeated a neighboring one known as Yueh-chih. After more conflict, the survivors of the Yueh-chih were dislocated west, passing down the Ili river valley and along the southern shore of lake Issyk Kul. This

Women in Buddhism and Jainism

The 6th century BCE in the Indian subcontinent was a dynamic period. It witnessed several changes that had long-lasting consequences. Firstly, the period witnessed the rise of territorial kingdoms known as Mahajanapadas. Secondly, the Indian subcontinent witnessed th

Position of Women in Ancient India

Women like other subordinated groups remained silent in writings of history around the world for a long time. This invisibility of women varied overtime periods and in social contexts. However, the Indian writings represent a situation of visibility of women in 

The Cholas are the earliest and the most ancient among the South Indian royal houses. The artifacts of the period found in South India mention Mahabharata as well as Ashokan edicts.

The CholaKingdom is very ancient, there has been references made in Mahabharatha and even in Ashokan inscriptions. 

The Pandyas were one of the three small Dhravidian races that occupied the southern extremity of India. Around 700 BC, Dhravidians must have penetrated into S.India and organized themselves into distinguishable communities. Titles such as Solan, Pandiyan, and Keralas proves the existence of such a c

# In the Gupta period, there was a rise in land taxes but a depreciation in trade and commerce taxes (shulka or tolls).
        -The land grants to the Brahmanas led to the conversion of vast areas of virgin land into cultivable land.
        -The king collected taxes varying from 1/4th to 1/6th o

According to inscriptions, the Gupta kings assumed titles like Paramabhattaraka, Maharajadhiraja, Parameshwara, Parama-daivata (the foremost worshipper of gods) and Paramabhagavata (foremost worshipper of Vasudeva Krishna).

# The Gupta Empire was decentralised in nature and contained many feudato

Kanva dynasty had a Brahmanic origin. The dynasty was named after the gotra of the ruler Kanva. The Kanva dynasty was founded by Vasudeva Kanva. It is believed that Vasudeva Kanva killed the Shunga ruler Devabhuti and established his own empire in 72 BCE.

Kanva dynasty had a ruling phase from 72 

Varna and Ashrama systems continued to govern the society.

The society consisted of four Varnas, namely −

Brahman,
Kshatriya,
Vaishya, and
Sudra.

Dharmasastras described the duties, status, and occupations of all the four Varnas.

Over a period of time, there was great increase in th

Foundation of Vijaynagar empire is certainly the most significant event in the history of medieval India. It lasted for 3 centuries and successfully prevented the extension of Muslim sultanetes in south. History of Vijaynagar empire is truly an unbroken era of bloody wars with Bahamani and other Mus

The Marathas' rise to power was a dramatic turning point that accelerated the demise of Muslim dominance in India. Maratha chieftains were originally in the service of Bijapur sultans in the western Deccan, which was under siege by the Mughals. Shivaji Bhonsle (1627 - 1680 AD) is recognized as the "

# Jayasimha was the first ruler of the Chalukyas.

1. Pulakesin I (Reign: 543 AD – 566 AD)

#  Founded the empire with his capital at Vatapi.
# Performed Ashwamedha.

2.  Kirtivarman I (Reign: 566 AD – 597 AD)

# Son of Pulakesin I.
# Conquered Konkan and northern Kerala.

3. Mangale

1. Difference in density

# As we all know, the density of sea water varies from place to place according to its temperature and proportion of salinity.
# The density increases with an increase in salinity and decreases with a decrease in salinity.
# But when the temperature increases, density d

 Warm Ocean Currents:

# Those currents which flow from equatorial regions towards poles which have a higher surface temperature and are called warm current.
# They bring warm waters to the cold regions.
# They are usually observed on the east coast of the continents in the lower and middle lati

Waves

# Waves are nothing but the oscillatory movements that result in the rise and fall of water surface.
# Waves are a kind of horizontal movements of the ocean water.
# They are actually the energy, not the water as such, which moves across the ocean surface.
# This energy for the waves is 

Gram Nyayalayas are village courts for speedy and easy access to the justice system in the rural areas of India.
The establishment of Gram Nyayalayas in India can be traced to the Gram Nyayalayas Act, 2008 passed by the Parliament of India.
Even though the target was to set up 5000 village courts 

# The Smritis have continued to play a very important role in Hindu life as it were playing since the last two thousand years.

# The Smritis explained the religious duties, usage, laws, and social customs.

# The Smritis are the expanded version of the Dharmasutras, which covered the period fro

# Tamil language is the oldest one among the south Indian languages. The earliest phase of Tamil literature is associated with the three Sangams.

# Sangams were the societies of learned men established by the Pandya kingdom. Each Sangam comprises of a number of distinguished poets and learned sch

Apart from some important dynasties ruling in the post-Mauryan period in north India, there were a number of republics ruling smaller states. The information about these small dynasties is extracted from their coins on which their names were written.

Following are some of the important small dyna

# During the 1,000 B.C., the present states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala (in southern India) were inhabited by megalithic people.

# The important phase of the ancient history of south India is from the Megalithic period to about A.D. 300.

Megalithic Phase:

The literary meaning of the term megal

The last Mauryan king Brithadratha was killed by his commander-in-chief Pushyamitra Sunga in 185 BC. He did so on being disgusted with his ruler's policy of the so-called non-violence that stood in the way of his leading a campaign against the alien invaders who had occupied a big chunk of North-Wes

The first Magadha dynasty was overthrown by the usurper Mahapadna, founder of the Nanda dynasty, son of a low-caste woman. He established his capital in Pataliputra (eastern Bihar) at the time that Alexander was campaigning in the Indus river valley (327-324). The Nandas ruled Magadha between 364 B.

Pradyota assents the throne of Avanti ending the Brhadratha Dynasty and commencing the Pradyota Dynasty of Magadha.

The Mahavamsa states that Ajatasattu's son Udayabhadra succeeded Ajatasattu and ruled for the next sixteen years. He moved his capital to the bank of Ganges which was known as Patal

Pradyota became king of Avanti ending the Brhadratha Dynasty and commencing the Haryanka Dynasty of Magadha. The Haryanka king Bimbsara was responsible for expanding the boundries of his kingdom through matrimonial alliances and conquest. Bimbsara was the contemporary to Buddha. Bimbsara was impriso

Kalinga is mentioned in the ancient scriptures as Kalinga the Braves (Kalinga Sahasikha). During the 3rd century B.C. the Greek ambassador Megasthenes in his tour of India had mentioned about the military strength of the Kalinga army of about one lakh which consisted of 60 thousand soldiers, 1700 ho

Kosala was an ancient Indian kingdom, corresponding roughly in area with the region of Oudh. in what is now south-central Uttar Pradesh state, it extended into present-day Nepal. Its capital was Ayodhya. In the 6th century BC it rose to become one of the dominant states in northern India. Kosala for

Ghandahra is the name of an ancient Mahajanapada in northern Pakistan and parts of northern Punjab and Kashmir and eastern Afghanistan. Gandhara was located mainly in the vale of Peshawar, the Potohar plateau and on the northern side of the Kabul River. Its main cities were Peshawar and Taxila.

T

Kuru was the name of an Indo-Aryan tribe and their kingdom in the Vedic civilization of India. Their kingdom was located in the area of modern Haryana. They formed the first political center of the Indo-Aryans after the Rigvedic period, and after their emergence from the Punjab, and it was there tha

There were many states of the Aryans in North India, around the 6th century B. C. These states were called the 'Mahajanapadas'. The Mahajanapadas of Anga, Kashi, Kosala, Chedi, Vatsa, Matsya, Shursen, Ashmak, Avanti, Gandhar and Magadha were ruled by kings or monarchs. The kings in these states had 

Birth name of Mahavir was Vardhman. The different names Ativir , Sanmati , Mahavir were the titles conferred upon him for his acts of boldness and bravery at different occasions. He was born in a princely family with all the comforts of life were available to him but child Mahavir did not evince int

Siddhartha Gautama was a prince who lived in the kingdom of Sakyas, near the present day border of India and Nepal, more than 2500 years ago. The young prince was raised in great luxury, but he was not happy. He wanted to understand what caused human suffering. He did not understand why some people 

“Yajus” means worship, and “Veda” means knowledge, so Yajur Veda is devoted to the worship of the Gods. It primarily contains prose mantras for worship rituals. It describes the way to perform religious rituals as well as sacred ceremonies.

In simple terms, Yajurveda can be understood as 

India has a bicameral system i.e., two Houses of Parliament. At the state level, the equivalent of the Lok Sabha is the Vidhan Sabha or Legislative Assembly; that of the Rajya Sabha is the Vidhan Parishad or Legislative Council.

 

Why do we need a second house?

1. To act as a check on hasty

# Although Chandragupta I and his son, Samudragupta, were prominent rulers, the reign of Chandragupta II included the greatest promotion of science, art, philosophy, and religion by the government. Chandragupta’s court was even more influential than those that came before or after because it conta

# About 1500 B.C., groups of warlike people left their homes in central Asia, possibly near the Caucasus Mountains, and came to India. These people called themselves arya (kinsmen or nobles). They are now known as the Aryans. The Aryans are said to have entered India through the fabled Khyber pass, 

Dravidian is the name given to a linguistically related group of people in India. They are said to be the first original settlers of ancient India. Dravidian culture is very diverse, with some groups maintaining more traditional customs such as totemism and matralinealism, while others have develope

Ethics can be looked at from another point of view. In fact, the best way of approaching  any subject is to consider the problems which it analyses. A simple way of understanding moral problems is to consider the manner in which we take moral decisions. The elements involved in moral decision-making

Ethics has been defined in various ways. The purpose of a definition is to describe its subject concisely and yet completely. Although there are many definitions of Ethics, a common thread runs through them. They are in fact different ways of looking at Ethics. We begin our discussion with some comm

The Chalukyas ruled parts of Southern and Central India between the 6th century and the 12th century.

# The Chalukya dynasty reached its peak during the reign of Pulakesin II.

# His grandfather Pulakesin I had created an empire around Vatapi.

# Pulakesin II subjugated the Kadambas, the Gang

Kushans or Kuei-Shang were one of the five Great Yueh-chi (tribes) principalities. In the 1st century CE, Kujula Kadphises (Kadphises I) brought together these five principalities and founded the Kushan Empire. The Kushans movement in India can be traced back to the first century CE during Kadphises

During the reign of the Gupta empire, their administrative structure reflected relations of paramountcy and subordination. Similarly, craft production, guilds, and trade were also significant features of the Gupta Empire. Hence, the age of the Guptas is called the classical age of art. The decline o

Decline of Gupta Empire
The various reasons that led to the fall of the Gupta empire are discussed below:

# Hun Invasion:-

The Gupta prince Skandagupta fought bravely and successfully against the early Huns’ invasion. However, his successors proved to be weak and could not check the Huns’

# He ascended the throne in 455 AD and ruled till 467 AD.

# During the 12 year rule, he not only defended the great culture of India but also from external aggression and defeated the Huns (Bhitari pillar inscription), who had invaded India from the north west.

# By defeating Pushyamitras duri

The later Vedic society was divided into four varnas called the Brahmanas, Rajanyas or Kshatriyas, Vaisyas and Sudras. (Know more about the Varna system). The growing cult of sacrifices greatly added to the Brahmanas’ power. They conducted rituals and sacrifices for their clients and for themselve

Larger kingdoms were formed during the later Vedic period. Many jana or tribes were amalgamated to form Janapadas or Rashtras (the term first appeared in this period) in the Later Vedic period. Hence, the royal power increased along with the size of the kingdom. The wars were no longer fought for th

# Kanishka was succeeded by his son Vasishka.
# Vasishka was followed by Huvishka and Kanishka II (son of Vasishka).
# Kanishka II was followed by Vasudeva I.
# Vasudeva I was the last great king of the Kushanas. After his death, the empire disintegrated away. He probably died in 232 AD

After 

# Sanskrit literature began to be developed during this time. The fourth Buddhist council was held in Sanskrit.
# Ashvoghosha is considered to be the first Sanskrit dramatist.
# During this time, three distinct schools of art flourished: Gandhara School in northwest India, Amaravati School in Andh

# He rules from 127 AD – 150 AD.
# Considered the greatest Kushana king and also a great king of ancient India.
# Son of Vima Kadphises.
# His kingdom included Afghanistan, parts of Sindhu, parts of Parthia, Punjab, Kashmir, parts of Magadha (including Pataliputra), Malwa, Benaras, perhaps part

Kumaragupta Ⅰ (c. 415 – 455 CE)

# Kumaragupta Ⅰ was the son and successor of Chandragupta Ⅱ.

# Adopted the titles of ‘Shakraditya’ and ‘Mahendraditya’.

# He performed ‘asvamedha’ sacrifices.

# Most importantly, he laid the foundation of Nalanda University which emerge

1. Kalidasa – He wrote Abhijnashakuntalam, one of the best hundred literary works in the world and also the earliest Indian work to be translated to European languages.

2. Amarasimha – His work Amarakosha is a vocabulary of Sanskrit roots, homonyms and synonyms. It has three parts containing 

Chandragupta II (c. 376 – 413/415 CE)
# Samudragupta was succeeded by his son – Chandragupta Ⅱ. But according to some scholars, the immediate successor was Ramagupta, the elder brother of Chandragupta Ⅱ. But there is little historical proof for this.

# During Chandragupta Ⅱ’s reign, 

#  Buddhism was founded by Gautama Buddha.
 # Buddha was born as Prince Siddhartha at Lumbini near Kapilavastu (in present Nepal) in 566 BC.
# He was the son of Suddhodhana and Mahamaya. Suddhodhana was the chief of the Sakya clan. Due to this, Buddha was also known as ‘Sakyamuni’.
# His moth

# The Gupta kingdom was enlarged enormously by Chandragupta Ⅰ’s son and successor Samudragupta.

# The Allahabad Pillar Inscription (Prayaga – Prashasti) gives a detailed account of his achievements. He followed the policy of war and conquest. This long inscription was composed by his court 

# Was the son of Ghatotkacha.
#  Chandragupta Ⅰ is considered to be the founder of the Gupta Era which started with his accession in 319 – 320 CE.
#  He strengthened his position by a matrimonial alliance with the Lichchhavis (Nepal). He married Kumaradevi, a princess of the Lichchhavi clan an

* Architecture: 
In the Satavahana phase, many temples called chaityas and monasteries called viharas were cut out of the solid rock in the northwestern Deccan or Maharashtra with great precision and patience.

The Karle chaitya is the most famous in western Deccan.


* Religion & Language of 

#  On acquiring Kannauj, Harsha united the two kingdoms of Thanesar and Kannauj.
# He moved his capital to Kannauj.
# After the fall of the Guptas, North India was divided into many small kingdoms.
# Harsha was able to unite many of them under his command. He had under his control of Punjab and c

#    After Prabhakara Vardhana died, his elder son Rajyavardhana ascended to the throne of Thanesar.
#    Harsha had a sister, Rajyashri who was married to king Grahavarman of Kannauj. Sasanka, the Gauda king killed Grahavarman and kept Rajyashri prisoner. This prompted Rajyavardhana to fight again

King Harshavardhana was also known as Harsha. He was the son of Prabhakar Vardhana, the founder of the Pushyabhuti Dynasty or the Vardhana Dynasty. Harshavardhana is considered as one of the most prominent Indian emperors in the 7th century AD.  He built a huge empire that extended from north & nort

# The Rock Edict XIII describes brightly the horrors and miseries of Kalinga war and its impact on Ashoka’s life.

# The Rock Edict XIII describes that one lakh people were killed in this war, several lakhs perished and a lakh and a half were taken prisoners.

#:These figures might be exaggera

# Major economic system of Satavahana and other contemporary dynasties was well organized and systematic.

# There was all round development in the field of agriculture, industry, and trade during this period.

# Agriculture was the main occupation of a large section of the people.

# The land

The administration of the Satavahana dynasty was entirely based on the Shastras, and it had the following structure:

# Rajan or the king who was the ruler
# Princes or Rajas who had their names inscribed on coins
# Maharathis, who had the power of granting villages and also had the privilege of

In Ancient India, the Gupta Dynasty ruled the mid-to-late 3rd century (approximately) to 543 AD. Founded by Sri Gupta, the dynasty rose to fame with rulers like Chandragupta-I, Samudragupta, etc.

The decline of the Mauryan empire resulted in the rise of two major political powers – the Kushanas

1. Simuka

# Considered to be the founder of the Satavahana dynasty and was immediately active after Ashoka’s death.
# Built Jain and Buddhist temples.

2. Satakarni I (70- 60 BC)

# Satakarni I was the 3rd king of the Satavahanas.
# Satakarni I was the first Satavahana king to expand his 

In the northern region, the Mauryas were succeeded by the Sungas and the Kanvas. However, the Satavahanas (natives) succeeded the Mauryas in Deccan and in Central India.

# It is believed that after the decline of the Mauryas and before the advent of the Satavahans, there must have been numerous s

# The Chedi/Cheti dynasty rose in Kalinga in the 1st century BCE.
# The Hathigumpha inscription situated near Bhubaneswar talks about this.
# This inscription was engraved by king Kharavela who was the third Cheti king.
# King Kharavela followed Jainism.
# Chedi dynasty was also known as Cheta o

# According to the Puranas, there were 4 kings of the Kanva dynasty who were, Vasudeva, Bhumimitra, Narayana and Susarman.
# The Kanvas were said to be Brahmins.
The Magadha Empire had declined by this time to a great extent.
# The Northwest region was under the Greeks and parts of the Gangetic p

The reign of the Satavahana Dynasty began in the mid-1st century BCE and came to an end in the early 3rd century CE. The area of the Satavahana Dynasty is debated where some historians argue that the Satavahanas initially established their hold over the area around Pratishthana (modern Paithan) in t

Sir Isaac Newton who propounded the laws of motion. He gave his three laws related to motion. Two rules are correct for them but there is some inaccuracy in the third rule, so let's see what is it? Newton's third law was that for every action there is an equal opposite reaction, for example if we se

# Mahavira rejected Vedic principles.

# He did not believe in God’s existence. According to him, the universe is a product of the natural phenomenon of cause and effect.

# He believed in Karma and transmigration of the soul. The body dies but the soul does not.

# One will be punished or r

# Vedic religion had become highly ritualistic.

# Jainism was taught in Pali and Prakrit thus was more accessible to the common man as compared to Sanskrit.

# It was accessible to people of all castes.

# Varna system had rigidified and people of the lower castes led miserable lives. Jainism

Founder of Jainism – Vardhaman Mahavira (539- 467 B.C.)
Here are some great points about Verdhaman Mahavira.

# Considered the last Tirthankara.

# He was born at Kundagrama near Vaisali.

# His parents were Kshatriyas. Father – Siddhartha (Head of Jnatrika Clan); Mother – Trishala (Sis

Vardhana Mahavira was the 24th Tirthankara (a great teacher) and is said to have propounded Jainism.

Origin of Jainism:

# Jainism is a very ancient religion. As per some traditions, it is as old as the Vedic religion.

# The Jain tradition has a succession of great teachers or Tirthankaras.

The teaching are mentioned below:

# It teaches the Middle Path renouncing extreme steps like indulgence and strict abstinence.

# The four noble truths (Arya Satya) in Buddhism are:
1. The world is full of sorrow
2. Desire is the root cause of all sorrow
3. Sorrow can be conquered by conquer

Gautam Buddha’s teachings revolve around the middle path of the living, the eight-fold path to enlightenment, and four noble truths. This article will provide you with relevant NCERT notes on Buddha, Buddha’s philosophy and teachings of Gautam Buddha, for the IAS Exam.


 #   Buddhism was fou

Later Vedic Period or Painted Grey Ware Phase (1000 BC – 600 BC)

During this time, the Aryans moved eastwards and occupied western and eastern UP (Kosala) and Bihar.

Political structure:

# Kingdoms like Mahajanapadas were formed by amalgamating smaller kingdoms.
# King’s power increase

Early Vedic Period or Rig Vedic Period (1500 BC – 1000 BC)

Initially, the Aryans lived in the land known as “Sapta Sindhu” (Land of the Seven Rivers). These seven rivers were: Sindhu (Indus), Vipash (Beas), Vitasta (Jhelum), Parushni (Ravi), Asikni (Chenab), Shutudri (Satluj) and Saraswati.

# The Aryans were a semi-nomadic pastoral people.

# The original homeland of the Aryans is a matter of debate with different experts suggesting different regions from where they originated.

# Some say they came from the area around the Caspian Sea in Central Asia (Max Muller), while others thi

A few important points about Upanishads are mentioned below:

# There are 108 Upanishads
# Out of 108 Upanishads, 13 are considered the major ones.
# The concepts of ‘Atman’ and ‘Brahman’ are majorly explained by Upanishads.

It contains philosophical ideas about the following concepts

A few important points about Aranyakas are mentioned below:

# These are called Forest Books
# Sacrificial rituals are interpreted by Aranyakas in a symbolic and philosophical way.

They are the prose texts that explain the hymns in the Vedas and are also the classification of Sanskrit texts that are embedded within each Veda, incorporating myths and legends to explain and instruct Brahmins on the performance of Vedic rituals. In addition to explaining the symbolism and meaning

There are broadly two types of Vedic literature:

Shruti Literature – The word ‘Shruti’ from the term ‘Shruti Literature’ means ‘to hear’ and describes the sacred texts which comprise of Vedas, Brahmanas, Aranyakas, & Upanishads. Shruti Literature is canonical, consisting of revelati

The Vedas are the large bodies of religious text that is composed of Vedic Sanskrit and originated in ancient India. They form the oldest scriptures of Hinduism and the oldest layer of Sanskrit literature. The Vedas are said to have passed on through verbal transmission from one generation to the ne

# It is the oldest form of Veda and oldest known Vedic Sanskrit text(1800 – 1100 BCE).

# The meaning of the word ‘Rigveda’ is Praise Knowledge.

# It has 10600 verses.

# Out of 10 books or mandalas, book number 1 and 10 are the youngest ones as they were written later than books 2 to 9

# There are 1549 verses (except 75 verses, all have been taken from Rigveda).

# There are two Upanishads embedded in Samaveda – Chandogya Upanishad and Kena Upanishad.

# The Samaveda is considered as the root of the Indian classical music and dance.

# It is considered as the storehouse of

#. It has two types – Krishna (Black/Dark) & Shukla (White/Bright).

# Krishna Yajurveda has an un-arranged, unclear, motley collection of verses.

# Shukla Yajurveda has arranged and clear verses.

# The oldest layer of Yajurveda has 1875 verses mostly taken up from Rigveda.

# The middle

# The daily procedures of life are very well enumerated in this Veda.

# It has 730 hymns/suktas, 6000 mantras, and 20 books.

# Paippalada and the Saunakiya are two surviving recensions of Atharvaveda.

# Called a Veda of magical formulas, it includes three primary Upanishads – Mundaka Upan

There are four types of Vedas – Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda, and Atharvaveda. One of the best sources of Ancient Indian History is Vedic literature. Vedas have formed the Indian scripture. The ideas and practices of Vedic religion are codified by the Vedas and they also form the basis of classica

Rigveda is regarded as one of the most sacred texts of Hinduism. It has fascinated scholars and historians due to its significance and antiquity. It is a collection of ancient Indian collection of Vedic Sanskrit hymns.

# The Rigveda is divided into ten books which are known as Mandalas

# It is

1. Causes of the decline of this civilization have not been firmly established. Archaeologists now believe that the civilization did not come to an abrupt end but gradually declined. People moved eastwards and cities were abandoned. Writing and trade declined.

2. Mortimer Wheeler suggested that t

1. In India: Kalibangan (Rajasthan), Lothal, Dholavira, Rangpur, Surkotda (Gujarat), Banawali (Haryana), Ropar (Punjab). In Pakistan: Harappa (on river Ravi), Mohenjodaro (on Indus River in Sindh), Chanhudaro (in Sindh).

2. The civilization was first discovered during an excavation campaign under

:- The Indus Valley Civilization was established around 3300 BC. It flourished between 2600 BC and 1900 BC (Mature Indus Valley Civilization). It started declining around 1900 BC and disappeared around 1400 BC.

:- This is also called Harappan Civilization after the first city to be excavated, Har

1. Ahar (Banas valley, South Eastern Rajasthan) – The people of this region practised smelting and metallurgy, supplied copper tools to other contemporary communities. Rice was cultivated here.

2. Gilund (Banas valley, Rajasthan) – Stone blade industry was discovered here.
Daimabad  (Ahmadna

1. Agriculture & cattle rearing – The people living in the stone-copper age domesticated animals and cultivated food grains. They domesticated cows, sheep, goats, pig and buffaloes and hunted deer. It is not clear whether they were acquainted with the horse or not. People ate beef but did not take

The Chalcolithic Age marked the emergence of the use of metal along with stone tools. The first metal to be used was copper. The chalcolithic age largely applied to the pre-Harappan phase, but in many parts of the country, it appears after the end of the bronze Harappan culture.

1. Koldihwa and Mahagara (lying south of Allahabad) – This site provides evidence of circular huts along with crude hand made pottery. There is also evidence of rice, which is the oldest evidence of rice, not only in India but anywhere in the world.

2. Mehrgarh (Balochistan, Pakistan) – The e

The term Neolithic is derived from the Greek word ‘neo’ which means new and ‘lithic’ meaning stone. Thus, the term Neolithic Age refers to the ‘New Stone Age’. It is also termed as ‘Neolithic revolution’ since it introduced a lot of important changes in man’s social and economic li

1. Bagor in Rajasthan is one of the biggest and best-documented Mesolithic sites in India. Bagor is on river Kothari where microliths along with animal bones and shells have been excavated.

2. Adamgarh in Madhya Pradesh provides the earliest evidence for the domestication of animals.

3. There 

1. The people of this age lived on hunting, fishing and food gathering initially but later on they also domesticated animals and cultivated plants, thereby paving the way for agriculture.

2. The first animal to be domesticated was the wild ancestor of the dog. Sheep and goats were the most common

The term Mesolithic is derived from two Greek words – ‘meso’ and ‘lithic’. In Greek ‘meso’ means middle and ‘lithic’ means stone. Hence, the Mesolithic stage of prehistory is also known as the ‘Middle Stone Age’.

Both Mesolithic and Neolithic phases belong to the Holocene er

The upper palaeolithic age coincided with the last phase of the ice age when the climate became comparatively warmer and less humid.
Emergence of Homo sapiens.
The period is marked by innovation in tools and technology. A lot of bone tools, including needles, harpoons, parallel-sided blades, fishi

Tools used were flakes, blades, pointers, scrapers and borers.
The tools were smaller, lighter and thinner.
There was a decrease in the use of hand axes with respect to other tools.
Important middle Palaeolithic age sites:

Belan valley in UP
Luni valley (Rajasthan)
Son and Narmada rivers
Bh

1. It covers the greater part of the Ice Age.
Hunters and food gatherers; tools used were hand axes, choppers and cleavers. 

2. Tools were rough and heavy.
One of the earliest lower Palaeolithic sites is Bori in Maharashtra.

3. Limestone was also used to make tools.
Major sites of lower Pal

1. The Indian people are believed to have belonged to the ‘Negrito’ race, and lived in the open air, river valleys, caves and rock shelters.
2. They were food gatherers, ate wild fruits and vegetables, and lived on hunting.
There was no knowledge of houses, pottery, agriculture. It was only in

The term ‘Palaeolithic’ is derived from the Greek word ‘palaeo’ which means old and ‘lithic’ meaning stone. Therefore, the term Palaeolithic age refers to the old stone age. The old stone age or palaeolithic culture of India developed in the Pleistocene period or the Ice Age, which is a 

The stone age is the prehistoric period, i.e., the period before the development of the script, therefore the main source of information for this period is the archaeological excavations. Robert Bruce Foote is the archaeologist who discovered the first palaeolithic tool in India, the Pallavaram hand

Ocean currents are continuous movements of water in the ocean that follow set paths, kind of rivers in the ocean. There are two distinct current systems in the ocean—surface circulation, which stirs a relatively thin upper layer of the sea, and deep circulation, which sweeps along the deep-sea flo

1. A cloud is an accumulation or grouping of tiny water droplets and ice crystals that are suspended in the earth atmosphere.

2. They are masses that consist of huge density and volume and hence it is visible to naked eyes.

3. There are different types of Clouds. They differ from each other in

1. The lava that is released during volcanic eruptions on cooling develops into igneous rocks.

2. The cooling may take place either on reaching the surface or from the inside itself.

3. Depending on the location of the cooling of lava, igneous rocks are classified as:

1. These volcanoes occur in the oceanic areas.

2. There is a system of mid-ocean ridges more than 70,000 km long that stretches through all the ocean basins.

3. The central portion of this ridge experiences frequent eruptions.

1. These volcanoes outpour highly fluid lava that flows for long distances.

2. The Deccan Traps from India, presently covering most of the Maharashtra plateau, are a much larger flood basalt province.

1. These are the most explosive of the earth’s volcanoes.

2. They are usually so explosive that when they erupt they tend to collapse on themselves rather than building any tall structure. The collapsed depressions are called calderas.

3. Their explosiveness indicates that its magma chamber 

1. Shape: Cone shaped with moderately steep sides and sometimes have small craters in their summits.

2. Volcanologists call these “strato-” or composite volcanoes because they consist of layers of solid lava flows mixed with layers of sand- or gravel-like volcanic rock called cinders or volca

1. Cinders are extrusive igneous rocks. A more modern name for cinder is Scoria.
2. Small volcanoes.
3. These volcanoes consist almost entirely of loose, grainy cinders and almost no lava.
4. They have very steep sides and usually have a small crater on top.

1. How to identify: They are not very steep but are far and wider. They extend to great height as well as distance.
2. They are the largest of all volcanoes in the world as the lava flows to a far distance. The Hawaiian volcanoes are the most famous examples.
3. Shield volcanoes have low slopes an